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Prognostic Value of Hyponatremia in Patients with Severe Chronic Heart Failure

Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Maggiore, Lodi, Italy

Gianfranca Galloni

Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Maggiore, Lodi, Italy

Alessandro Oddone

Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Maggiore, Lodi, Italy

Egidio Marangoni

Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Maggiore, Lodi, Italy

Antonella Masa

Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Maggiore, Lodi, Italy

Walter Raimondi Cominesi

Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Maggiore, Lodi, Italy

Vincenzo Caizzi

Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Maggiore, Lodi, Italy

Carlo Pezzi

Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Maggiore, Lodi, Italy

Sebastian Belletti

Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Maggiore, Lodi, Italy

Carlo Comalba

Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Maggiore, Lodi, Italy

Mario Orlandi

Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Maggiore, Lodi, Italy

In order to evaluate the incidence and the prognostic value of hyponatremia (hypoNa) in patients (pts) with severe chronic heart failure (SCHF), the authors studied 161 consecutive pts (113M, 48F ages sixty-seven ± ten) with SCHF in NYHA class III-IV. The cause of SCHF was ischemic in 64 pts, hypertensive in 39, valvular in 14, alcohol-related in 3, and idiopathic in 41. Pretreatment hypoNa (<135 mmol/L) was found in 64/161 pts (40%) (Group I); Na⁺ was < 125 in 10 pts, 125-130 in 19, and 131-135 mmol/L in 35; 42/64 pts (66%) of Group I were in NYHA class IV at admission. In the pts with pretreatment Na⁺ < 125 mmol/L, hypoNa was persistent and refractory to high-dose furosemide (<500 mg/day) and water restriction. Cardiovascular mortality of Group I pts was 69% within twenty-four months (34 pts died of low-output syndrom and 10 suddenly). All pts with Na⁺ < 130 mmol/L died within six months. The 20 pts who normalized Na⁺ are alive, and in NYHA class II-III (follow-up: twenty-six ± fifteen, six to sixty months). Pts without hypoNa were 97/161 (Group II), and 58/97 (60%) are alive (follow-up: thirty ± eighteen, five to fifty-eight months), whereas 39 pts died (27 suddenly, 9 of low-output syndrome, and 3 of extracardiac disease) within twenty-four months. The mortality rate of Group II was significantly lower (40% vs 69%, p < 0.001) compared with Group I. The two groups were similar for age, sex, and cause and duration of SCHF.

In conclusion: pretreatment Na⁺ seems to be a significant predictor of cardiovascular mortality in pts with SCHF; persistent hypoNa seems to indicate pts with SCHF refractory to conventional medical therapy. On the contrary, normalization of Na ⁺ indicates a subgroup of pts with a more favorable clinical outcome.

Angiology, Vol. 41, No. 8, 631-638 (1990)
DOI: 10.1177/000331979004100807


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